I-Porosity ekushiseleni nge-laser isici esibucayi esichazwa njenge-voids egcwele igesi evaleleke ngaphakathi kwensimbi eshiselwe okuqinile. Ibeka engozini ngokuqondile ubuqotho bemishini, amandla e-weld, nempilo yokukhathala. Lo mhlahlandlela unikeza indlela eqondile, yezixazululo-okokuqala, ehlanganisa okutholakele ocwaningweni lwakamuva ekubunjweni kwemishayo okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo eqhutshwa yi-AI ukuze kubekwe amasu okunciphisa aphumelela kakhulu.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Porosity: Izimbangela Nemiphumela
I-porosity ayilona iphutha lendlela eyodwa; livela ezenzakalweni eziningana ezihlukene zomzimba namakhemikhali phakathi nenqubo yokushisela ngokushesha. Ukuqonda lezi zimbangela ezibalulekile kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni okuphumelelayo.
Izimbangela Eziyinhloko
Ukungcoliswa kobuso:Lona umthombo ovame kakhulu we-metallurgical porosity. Ukungcola okunjengomswakama, uwoyela, namafutha kucebile nge-hydrogen. Ngaphansi kwamandla amakhulu e-laser, lezi zinhlanganisela ziyabola, zijove i-hydrogen eyisisekelo ensimbi encibilikisiwe. Njengoba i-weld pool iphola futhi iqina ngokushesha, ukuncibilika kwe-hydrogen kuyehla, kuphoqe ukuba iphume isixazululo ukuze kwakheke izimbotshana eziyisiyingi.
Ukungaqini kwe-Keyhole:Lona umshayeli oyinhloko wenqubo ye-porosity. Imbobo kakhiye ezinzile ibalulekile ekushiseleleni umsindo. Uma amapharamitha enqubo engathuthukisiwe (isb., isivinini sokushisela siphezulu kakhulu kumandla we-laser), imbobo kakhiye ingashintshashintsha, ingagxili, futhi igoqe okwesikhashana. Ukugoqa ngakunye kubamba iphakethe lomhwamuko wensimbi womfutho ophezulu kanye negesi evikelayo ngaphakathi kwechibi elincibilikisiwe, okuholela kuzikhala ezinkulu, ezinomumo ongavamile.
Isivikelo Segesi esinganele:Inhloso yokuvikela igesi ukususa umkhathi ozungezile. Uma ukugeleza kunganele, noma uma ukugeleza ngokweqile kubangela isiyaluyalu esidonsa emoyeni, amagesi asemoyeni—ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen nomoya-mpilo—azongcolisa i-weld. Umoya-mpilo wenza kalula ama-oxide aqinile ngaphakathi kokuncibilika, kuyilapho i-nitrogen ingavaleleka njengezimbotshana noma yakhe izinhlanganisela ze-nitride eziphukayo, zombili ezibeka engcupheni ubuqotho be-weld.
Imiphumela Elimazayo
Izakhiwo Zemishini Eyehlisiwe:Ama-pores anciphisa indawo ehambisana nomthwalo we-weld, ehlisa ngokuqondile Amandla Awo Okugcina Amandla. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, basebenza njengama-voids angaphakathi avimbela ukuguquguquka kwepulasitiki okufanayo kwensimbi ngaphansi komthwalo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kokuqhubeka kwempahla kunciphisa kakhulu i-ductility, okwenza i-weld ibe brittle futhi ijwayele ukuphuka kungazelelwe.
Impilo Yokukhathala Esengozini:Lokhu kuvame ukuba umphumela obucayi kakhulu. Ama-pores, ikakhulukazi lawo anamakona acijile, anamandla okugxilisa ukucindezeleka. Uma ingxenye ingaphansi kokulayishwa kwe-cyclic, ingcindezi emaphethelweni embotshana ingaba phezulu izikhathi eziningi kunokucindezeleka okuphelele engxenyeni. Lokhu kucindezeleka okuphezulu okwenziwe kwasendaweni kuqala imifantu emincane ekhula ngomjikelezo ngamunye, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kokukhathala ngaphansi kakhulu kwamandla amile alinganiselwe.
Ukuthambekela Okungeziwe Kokugqwala:Lapho imbotshana igqabula indawo engaphezulu, idala indawo yokugqwala kwemifantu. Indawo encane, emile ngaphakathi kwembotshana inokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile kunendawo ezungezile. Lo mehluko udala iseli le-electrochemical elisheshisa ngokunamandla ukugqwala kwendawo.
Ukudalwa Kwezindlela Ezivuzayo:Ezingxenyeni ezidinga uphawu lwe-hermetic—njengamabhethri ezivalekile noma ama-vacuum chambers—i-porosity yisimo sokuhluleka ngokushesha. Imbotshana eyodwa enwebeka isuka ngaphakathi iye endaweni engaphandle idala indlela eqondile yokuthi uketshezi noma amagesi avuze, okwenza ingxenye ingabi namsebenzi.
I-Actionable Nciphisa Amasu Wokuqeda I-Porosity
1. Izilawuli Zenqubo Eyisisekelo
Ukulungiswa Okucophelelayo Kobuso
Lokhu kuyimbangela ehamba phambili ye-porosity. Zonke izindawo nezinto zokugcwalisa kufanele zihlanzwe kahle ngokushesha ngaphambi kokushisela.
Ukuhlanza i-Solvent:Sebenzisa i-solvent efana ne-acetone noma i-isopropyl alcohol ukuze uhlanze kahle zonke izindawo zokushisela. Lesi isinyathelo esibucayi ngoba izinto ezingcolisa i-hydrocarbon (amafutha, amafutha, uketshezi lokusika) ziyabola ngaphansi kokushisa okukhulu kwe-laser, zijove i-hydrogen ngqo echibini lokushisela elincibilikisiwe. Njengoba insimbi iqina ngokushesha, le gesi evaleleke idala i-porosity enhle eyehlisa amandla okushisela. I-solvent isebenza ngokuncibilikisa lezi zinhlanganisela, ezivumela ukuthi zisulwe ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokushisela.
Isexwayiso:Gwema izincibilikisi ezine-chlorine, njengoba izinsalela zazo zingabola zibe amagesi ayingozi futhi zidale ukufiphala.
Ukuhlanza Kwemishini:Sebenzisa ibhulashi lensimbi engagqwali elizinikele ngezinsimbi ezingagqwali noma i-carbide burr ukuze ususe ama-oxide aminyene. Aezinikezelweibhulashi libalulekile ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa okuphambene; isibonelo, ukusebenzisa ibhulashi lensimbi ye-carbon kunsimbi engagqwali kungashumeka izinhlayiya zensimbi ezizogqwala kamuva futhi zifake engozini ukushisela. I-carbide burr iyadingeka kuma-oxide aqinile, aqinile ngoba inolaka ngokwanele ukusika ungqimba futhi iveze insimbi entsha, ehlanzekile ngaphansi.
Idizayini Ehlanganisiwe Yokunemba kanye Nokulungisa
Amalunga angafakwanga kahle anezikhala ezeqile ayimbangela eqondile ye-porosity. Igesi evikelayo egeleza isuka ku-nozzle ayikwazi ukususa umkhathi ovaleleke ekujuleni kwegebe, okuwuvumela ukuthi udonseleke ku-weld pool.
Isiqondiso:Izikhala ezihlangene akufanele zidlule u-10% wogqinsi lwezinto. Ukweqa lokhu kwenza i-weld pool ingazinzi futhi kube nzima ukuthi igesi evikelayo ivikeleke, okwandisa amathuba okuba igesi ibambeke. Ukulungisa ukunemba kubalulekile ukugcina lesi simo.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwepharamitha Okuhlelekile
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla e-laser, isivinini sokushisela, kanye nendawo okugxilwe kuyo kudala iwindi lenqubo. Leli windi kufanele liqinisekiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi likhiqiza imbobo kakhiye ezinzile. Imbobo kakhiye engazinzile ingabhidlika ngezikhathi zokushisela, ibambe amabhamuza ensimbi ehwamukile kanye negesi evikelayo.
2. Ukukhethwa Nokulawula Kwegesi Yokuvikela Okubalulekile
Igesi Elilungile Lempahla
I-Argon (Ar):Izinga elingenzi lutho lezinto eziningi ngenxa yokuminyana kanye nezindleko eziphansi.
I-nitrogen (N2):Isebenza kahle kakhulu ezinsimbi eziningi ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu esigabeni esincibilikisiwe, okungavimbela i-nitrogen porosity.
I-nuance:Ucwaningo lwakamuva luqinisekisa ukuthi kuma-alloys aqiniswe nge-nitrogen, i-N2 eyeqile kugesi evikelayo ingaholela emvuleni ye-nitride eyingozi, kuthinte ukuqina. Ukulinganisa ngokucophelela kubalulekile.
I-Helium (He) kanye ne-Ar/He Mixes:Ibalulekile ezintweni ezinokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-thermal, njengethusi ne-aluminium alloys. I-thermal conductivity ephezulu ye-Helium idala i-weld pool eshisayo, ewuketshezi kakhulu, esiza kakhulu ekususeni umoya futhi ethuthukise ukungena kokushisa, ivimbele ukubola kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-fusion.
Ukugeleza Okufanelekile Nokuhlanganisa
Ukugeleza okunganele kwehluleka ukuvikela i-weld pool emkhathini. Ngokuphambene, ukugeleza ngokweqile kudala isiphithiphithi, esidonsa umoya ozungezile futhi siwuxube negesi evikelayo, kungcolise i-weld.
Amanani Okugeleza Ajwayelekile:15-25 Amalitha/min emibhobho ye-coaxial, eshunwe kuhlelo lokusebenza oluthile.
3.Ukunciphisa Okuthuthukile Nge-Dynamic Beam Shaping
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinselele, ukubunjwa kwe-dynamics kuyindlela yesimanjemanje.
Indlela:Nakuba i-oscillation elula (“i-wobble”) iphumelela, ucwaningo lwakamuva lugxile emaphethini athuthukile, angewona ayisiyingi (isb, infinity-loop, figure-8). Lezi zimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zinikeza ukulawula okuphakeme phezu kokuguquguquka koketshezi lwechibi lokuncibilika kanye ne-gradient yezinga lokushisa, okuqhubekisela phambili ukuzinzisa imbobo kakhiye futhi kuvumele isikhathi esengeziwe sokuphuma kwegesi.
Ukucatshangelwa Okusebenzayo:Ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokubunjwa kwemishayo eguquguqukayo kumelela ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile futhi kwengeza ubunzima ekusetheni inqubo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko zenzuzo kuyadingeka ukuze kugunyazwe ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezingxenye zenani eliphezulu lapho ukulawulwa kwe-porosity kubaluleke kakhulu.
4. Amasu Okunciphisa Okubalulekile
Aluminiyamu Alloys:Ithambekele ku-hydrogen porosity kusuka ku-hydrated surface oxide. Idinga i-aggressive deoxidation kanye ne-low-dew-point (< -50°C) evikela igesi, ngokuvamile enokuqukethwe kwe-helium ukuze kwenyuswe ukuncibilika kwechibi.
Izinsimbi Eziphehliwe:Ukuqhuma kwe-zinc (iphuzu elibilayo elingu-907°C) kuyinselelo enkulu. Igebe lokungenisa umoya elakhiwe lika-0.1-0.2 mm lihlala kuyisu elisebenza kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indawo yokuncibilika yensimbi (~1500°C) iphakeme kakhulu kunendawo yokubilisa ye-zinc. Igebe lihlinzeka ngomzila obalulekile wokuphunyuka womhwamuko we-zinc womfutho ophezulu.
I-Titanium Alloys:Ukuphinda kusebenze okwedlulele kudinga ukuhlanzeka okuphelele nokuvikela igesi engasebenzi (izivikelo ezilandelanayo nezisekelayo) njengoba kugunyazwe i-aerospace standard AWS D17.1.
Ama-Copper Alloys:Kuyinselelo enkulu ngenxa ye-thermal conductivity ephezulu kanye nokubonakala okuphezulu kumalaser e-infrared. I-porosity ivame ukubangelwa ukuhlangana okungaphelele kanye negesi evalelekile. Ukunciphisa kudinga ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa igesi yokuvikela ecebile nge-helium ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlangana kwamandla kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi echibini, kanye nokwakheka kohlaka oluthuthukisiwe ukuze kushise ngaphambili futhi kulawule ukuncibilika.
Emerging Technologies kanye Nezikhombisi-ndlela Ezizayo
Inkambu ithuthuka ngokushesha ngaphezu kokulawula okumile ukuya ekushiseleleni okunamandla, okuhlakaniphile.
I-AI-Powered In-Situ Monitoring:Umkhuba wakamuva obaluleke kakhulu. Amamodeli okufunda ngomshini manje ahlaziya idatha yesikhathi sangempela evela kumakhamera we-coaxial, ama-photodiode, nezinzwa ze-acoustic. Lawa masistimu angabikezela ukuqala kwe-porosity futhi axwayise u-opharetha noma, ekusetheni okuthuthukile, alungise imingcele ye-laser ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze uvimbele ukwakheka kwesici.
Inothi Lokusebenzisa:Nakuba zinamandla, lezi zinhlelo eziqhutshwa yi-AI zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kokuqala kuzinzwa, ihadiwe yokutholwa kwedatha, nokuthuthukiswa kwamamodeli. Imbuyiselo yabo ekutshalweni kwezimali iphezulu kakhulu ekwenziweni kwevolumu ephezulu, okuyingxenye ebalulekile lapho izindleko zokwehluleka zidlulele.
Isiphetho
I-porosity ekushiseni nge-laser iyisici esilawulekayo. Ngokuhlanganisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlanzeka kanye nokulawula ipharamitha nobuchwepheshe besimanje obufana nokubunjwa kwemishayo okuguquguqukayo kanye nokuqapha okunamandla e-AI, abakhiqizi bangakhiqiza ngokuthembekile ama-welds angenasici. Ikusasa lokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ekushiseleni likulezi zinhlelo ezihlakaniphile eziqapha, ezivumelanisa nezimo, futhi eziqinisekisa ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sangempela.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Q1: Iyini imbangela eyinhloko ye-porosity ekushiseni kwe-laser?
IMPENDULO: Isizathu esisodwa esivame kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwendawo (amafutha, umswakama) okuhwamuka bese kungenisa igesi ye-hydrogen echibini lokushisela.
Q2: kanjanito ukuvimbela i-porosity ekushiseleni kwe-aluminium?
IMPENDULO: Isinyathelo esibucayi kakhulu ukuhlanzwa kwangaphambili kwe-weld okunolaka ukuze kukhishwe isendlalelo se-hydrated aluminium oxide, esibhangqwe negesi evikelayo ehlanzekile, enephuzu eliphansi lamazolo, evamise ukuqukatha i-helium.
Q3: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-porosity nokufakwa kwe-slag?
A: I-porosity iwumgodi wegesi. Ukufakwa kwe-slag kuwukuqinile okungeyona insimbi ebanjiwe futhi ngokuvamile akuhlotshaniswa ne-laser welding ye-keyhole-mode, noma kungenzeka ekushiseleni kwe-laser conduction ngokushintshashintsha okuthile noma izinto zokugcwalisa ezingcolile.
I-Q4: Iyiphi igesi engcono kakhulu yokuvikela ukuvimbela i-porosity ensimbi?
A: Nakuba i-Argon ivamile, i-Nitrogen (N2) ivamise ukuba ngaphezu kwezinsimbi eziningi ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izinsimbi ezithile ezinamandla aphezulu, amandla okwakheka kwe-nitride kufanele ahlolwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-25-2025
