A Comprehensive Technical Guide to Laser Beam Welding of Stainless Steels

Kwa mainjiniya, opanga zinthu, ndi oyang'anira ntchito, vuto limakhala lokhazikika: momwe mungalumikizire zida zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri popanda kupotoza, kusinthika, komanso kuchepa kwa dzimbiri zomwe zimavutitsa njira wamba. Yankho ndilolaser kuwotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, teknoloji yosintha yomwe imapereka liwiro losayerekezeka, kulondola, ndi khalidwe lomwe TIG yachikhalidwe ndi kuwotcherera kwa MIG sikungafanane.

Kuwotcherera kwa laser kumagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kokhazikika kwambiri kusungunula ndi kuphatikizira chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi kulowetsa kochepa, kowongolera kutentha. Njira yoyendetsedwa bwino iyi imathetsa mwachindunji zovuta zazikulu za kupotoza kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa weld.

Ubwino waukulu wa Laser Welding Stainless Steel:

• Liwiro Lapadera:Imagwira ntchito 4 mpaka 10 mwachangu kuposa kuwotcherera kwa TIG, kukulitsa zokolola komanso kutulutsa.

• Kupotoza Kochepa:Kutentha kokhazikika kumapanga malo ang'onoang'ono Okhudzidwa ndi Kutentha (HAZ), omwe amachepetsa kapena kuthetsa kusinthasintha, kuteteza gawolo kuti likhale lolondola.

• Ubwino Wapamwamba:Amapanga ma welds oyera, amphamvu, komanso owoneka bwino omwe safuna kupukuta kapena kumalizidwa.

• Katundu Wosungidwa:Kutentha kocheperako kumapangitsa kuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chikhale cholimba komanso kuti chisamachite dzimbiri, kupewetsa zovuta ngati "kuwola kwa weld".

Bukuli limapereka chidziwitso cha akatswiri chomwe chikufunika kuti musunthe kuchoka pakumvetsetsa koyambira kupita kukugwiritsa ntchito molimba mtima, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito luso lonse laukadaulo wapamwambawu.

Kuwotcherera kwa Laservs. Njira Zachikhalidwe: Kufananitsa Mutu ndi Mutu

Kusankha njira yowotcherera yoyenera ndikofunikira kuti ntchitoyo ipambane. Umu ndi momwe kuwotcherera kwa laser kumalimbana ndi TIG ndi MIG pazogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.

Kuwotcherera kwa Laser vs. TIG Welding

Kuwotcherera kwa Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) kumadziwika ndi zida zapamwamba, zowotcherera pamanja koma zimavutikira kuti zisamayende bwino popanga.

• Liwiro & Zochita:Kuwotcherera kwa laser kumathamanga kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwikiratu pakupanga makina komanso kuchuluka kwamphamvu.

• Kutentha & Kusokoneza:TIG arc ndi gwero la kutentha kosakwanira, komwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale HAZ yayikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kupotoza kwakukulu, makamaka pazitsulo zopyapyala. Kuwala koyang'ana kwa laser kumalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kumeneku.

• Zodzichitira:Makina a Laser ndi osavuta kupanga okha, kupangitsa kupanga kwapamwamba, kobwerezabwereza ndi luso lochepa lofunika lamanja kuposa TIG.

Kuwotcherera kwa Laser vs. MIG Welding

Metal Inert Gas (MIG) kuwotcherera ndi njira yosunthika, yokhazikika, koma ilibe kulondola kwa laser.

• Kulondola & Ubwino:Kuwotcherera kwa laser ndi njira yosalumikizana yomwe imapanga zowotcherera zoyera, zopanda sipatter. Kuwotcherera kwa MIG kumakonda kukhala ndi spatter komwe kumafuna kuyeretsa pambuyo pa weld.

• Kulekerera kwa Gap:Kuwotcherera kwa MIG kumakhululukira kwambiri kusalumikizana bwino kwamagulu chifukwa waya wake wodyedwa umagwira ntchito ngati chodzaza. Kuwotcherera kwa laser kumafuna kukhazikika bwino komanso kulolerana kolimba.

• Makulidwe a Zinthu:Ngakhale ma lasers amphamvu kwambiri amatha kugwira magawo okhuthala, MIG nthawi zambiri imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pa mbale zolemera kwambiri. Kuwotcherera kwa laser kumapambana pa makulidwe azinthu zoonda mpaka zochepera pomwe kuwongolera kosokoneza ndikofunikira.

At-a-Glance Comparison Table

Sayansi Pambuyo pa Weld: Mfundo Zazikulu Zafotokozedwa

Kumvetsetsa momwe laser imagwirizanirana ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndikofunikira kuti mumvetsetse bwino ntchitoyi. Imagwira ntchito m'njira ziwiri zosiyana zotsatiridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu.

Mayendedwe Mode vs. Keyhole Mode

• Kuwotcherera Kochititsa:Pakachulukidwe kakang'ono ka mphamvu, laser imatenthetsa pamwamba pa zinthuzo, ndipo kutentha "kumachita" m'gawolo. Izi zimapanga weld wosaya, wotakata, komanso wosalala bwino, woyenera kuzinthu zoonda (pansi pa 1-2 mm) kapena zowoneka bwino zomwe zimawonekera.

• Kuwotchera kwa Keyhole (Kulowera Kwakuya):Pakachulukidwe kamphamvu kwambiri (mozungulira 1.5 MW/cm²), laser imatulutsa nthunzi nthawi yomweyo, ndikupanga kabowo kakang'ono kotchedwa "keyhole." Bowo la kiyilo limatsekera mphamvu ya laser, ndikuyiyika mozama muzinthu zamphamvu, zolowera kwathunthu m'magawo okhuthala.

Continuous Wave (CW) vs. Pulsed Lasers

• Mafunde Opitirira (CW):Laser imapereka kuwala kosalekeza, kosasokonezeka kwamphamvu. Njirayi ndi yabwino popanga ma seams aatali, osalekeza pa liwiro lalikulu pakupanga makina.

• Pulsed Laser:Laser imapereka mphamvu pang'onopang'ono, kuphulika kwamphamvu. Njirayi imapereka kuwongolera bwino pakulowetsa kutentha, kuchepetsa HAZ ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kuwotcherera zinthu zosalimba, zosamva kutentha kapena kupanga zowotcherera pamagawo kuti zisindikize bwino.

Kalozera wa Gawo ndi Gawo la Kukonzekera Kopanda Cholakwa

Mu kuwotcherera kwa laser, kupambana kumatsimikizika mtengo usanayambike. Kulondola kwa ndondomekoyi kumafuna kukonzekera bwino.

Khwerero 1: Mapangidwe Ophatikizana ndi Fit-Up

Mosiyana ndi kuwotcherera kwa arc, kuwotcherera kwa laser kumakhala ndi kulolera kochepa kwambiri kwa mipata kapena kusanja molakwika.

• Mitundu Yogwirizana:Kulumikizana kwa matako ndikothandiza kwambiri koma kumafuna kusiyana kwa ziro (nthawi zambiri zosakwana 0.1 mm pazigawo zopyapyala). Magulu a lap amakhululukira kwambiri kusiyana kokwanira.

• Kuwongolera kwa Gap:Kuchulukana kwakukulu kumalepheretsa dziwe laling'ono losungunuka kuti lisalumikizane, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakanizika kosakwanira komanso kuwotcherera kofooka. Gwiritsani ntchito njira zodulira zolondola kwambiri komanso kumenyetsa mwamphamvu kuti mutsimikizire kulondola.

Gawo 2: Kuyeretsa Pamwamba ndi Kuchotsa Zoyipa

Mphamvu yamphamvu ya laser imatenthetsa zonyansa zilizonse, kuziyika mu weld ndikupangitsa zolakwika ngati porosity.

• Ukhondo Ndi Wofunika Kwambiri:Pamwamba payenera kukhala opanda mafuta, mafuta, fumbi, ndi zotsalira zomatira.

• Njira Yoyeretsera:Pukutani malo olowa ndi nsalu yopanda lint yoviikidwa mu zosungunulira zosakhazikika ngati acetone kapena 99% isopropyl mowa musanayambe kuwotcherera.

Kudziwa Makina: Kukhathamiritsa Zofunikira Zowotcherera

Kupeza weld wangwiro kumafuna kugwirizanitsa mitundu ingapo yolumikizana.

Parameter Triad: Mphamvu, Kuthamanga, ndi Position Focal

Zokonda zitatuzi palimodzi zimatsimikizira mphamvu zowonjezera ndi mbiri ya weld.

• Mphamvu ya Laser (W):Mphamvu zapamwamba zimathandizira kulowa mozama komanso kuthamanga kwambiri. Komabe, mphamvu zochulukirapo zimatha kuyambitsa kuwotcha pazinthu zoonda.

• Liwiro la kuwotcherera (mm/s):Kuthamanga kwachangu kumachepetsa kulowetsa kwa kutentha ndi kusokoneza. Ngati liwiro liri lalitali kwambiri pamlingo wa mphamvu, limatha kulowetsa osakwanira.

• Malo Oyimba:Izi zimasintha kukula kwa malo a laser ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Kuyang'ana pamwamba kumapanga chowotcherera chakuya, chopapatiza. Kuyang'ana pamwamba (positive defocus) kumapanga chowotcherera chowoneka bwino, chosazama kwambiri. Kuyang'ana pansi pamtunda (negative defocus) kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kulowa muzinthu zokhuthala.

Kusankha Gasi Woteteza: Argon vs. Nitrogen

Kuteteza mpweya kumateteza dziwe losungunuka kuti lisaipitsidwe ndi mlengalenga ndikukhazikitsa bata.

• Argon (Ar):Kusankha kofala kwambiri, kupereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri ndikupanga ma welds okhazikika, oyera.

• Nayitrogeni (N2):Nthawi zambiri amakonda chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chifukwa amatha kukulitsa kulimba kwa olowa komaliza.

• Mtengo Woyenda:Mtengo wothamanga uyenera kukonzedwa bwino. Zochepa kwambiri zidzalephera kuteteza weld, pamene zambiri zingayambitse chipwirikiti ndikujambula zowonongeka. Kuthamanga kwa 10 mpaka 25 malita pamphindi (L / min) ndikoyambira komwe kumayambira.

Zoyambira Zoyambira: A Reference Table

Zotsatirazi ndizoyambira poyambira kuwotcherera 304/316 austenitic chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Yesetsani nthawi zonse pazotsalira kuti mukonze bwino ntchito yanu.

Ulamuliro Wabwino: Buku Lothetsera Mavuto Odziwika

Ngakhale ndi ndondomeko yolondola, zolakwika zimatha kuchitika. Kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake ndiye chinsinsi cha kupewa.

Kuzindikiritsa Zowonongeka Zowonongeka za Laser Welding

• Porosity:Tizilombo tating'ono ta gasi timeneti timatsekeredwa mu weld, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwapamtunda kapena kutchingira kosayenera kwa gasi.

• Hot Cracking:Centerline ming'alu yomwe imapanga pomwe weld amalimba, nthawi zina chifukwa cha kapangidwe kazinthu kapena kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamafuta.

• Kulowa Kosakwanira:Kuwotcherera kumalephera kuphatikizira kukuya konse kolumikizana, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku mphamvu zosakwanira kapena kuthamanga kwambiri.

• Undercut:Poyambira amasungunuka m'munsi mwachitsulo m'mphepete mwa weld, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha liwiro lalikulu kapena kusiyana kwakukulu.

• Spatter:Madontho osungunula otulutsidwa padziwe la weld, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamagetsi kapena kuipitsidwa pamwamba.

Tchati Chothetsa Mavuto: Zomwe Zimayambitsa ndi Mayankho

Njira Zomaliza: Kuyeretsa Pambuyo pa Weld ndi Passivation

Kuwotcherera kumawononga zinthu zomwe zimapanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri "zopanda banga". Kuwabwezeretsa ndi gawo lomaliza lovomerezeka.

Chifukwa Chake Simungadumphe Chithandizo cha Post-Weld

Kutentha kochokera ku kuwotcherera kumawononga wosanjikiza wosawoneka, woteteza wa chromium-oxide pamwamba pa chitsulocho. Izi zimasiya chowotcherera ndi HAZ yozungulira kukhala pachiwopsezo cha dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri.

Njira za Passivation Zofotokozedwa

Passivation ndi mankhwala omwe amachotsa zodetsa zapamtunda ndikuthandizira kusintha kusanjika kolimba, kofanana kwa chromium-oxide.

• Chemical Pickling:Njira yachikhalidwe yogwiritsira ntchito ma asidi owopsa monga nitric ndi hydrofluoric acid kuyeretsa ndikudutsa pamwamba.

• Electrochemical Cleaning:Njira yamakono, yotetezeka, komanso yachangu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepera a electrolytic komanso magetsi otsika kuti ayeretse ndi kutulutsa weld mu sitepe imodzi.

Chitetezo Choyamba: Kusamala Kwambiri kwa Laser kuwotcherera

Mphamvu yamphamvu ya kuwotcherera kwa laser imabweretsa zowopsa zantchito zomwe zimafunikira kutsatira malamulo otetezeka.

Ngozi Yobisika: Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)) Fumes

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chikatenthedwa mpaka kutentha, chromium mu aloyiyo imatha kupanga hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), yomwe imatuluka mufusi.

• Zowopsa Zaumoyo:Cr (VI) ndi kansa yodziwika bwino yamunthu yolumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya m'mapapo. Zingayambitsenso kupuma kwambiri, khungu, ndi kuyabwa kwa maso.

• Malire Owonekera:OSHA imayika malire okhwima ovomerezeka ovomerezeka (PEL) a ma microgram 5 pa kiyubiki mita ya mpweya (5 µg/m³) pa Cr(VI).

Njira Zofunikira Zachitetezo

• Zowongolera Zamisiri:Njira yothandiza kwambiri yotetezera ogwira ntchito ndikutengera zoopsa zomwe zimayambira. Kuchita bwino kwambiridongosolo lochotsa fumendi Mipikisano siteji HEPA fyuluta n'kofunika kulanda ultrafine particles kwaiye laser kuwotcherera.

• Zida Zodzitetezera Payekha (PPE):Onse ogwira ntchito m'derali ayenera kuvala magalasi otetezera laser omwe amavotera kutalika kwake kwa laser. Ngati kuchotsa fume sikungachepetse kukhudzidwa pansi pa PEL, zopumira zovomerezeka zimafunikira. Ntchito yowotcherera iyeneranso kuchitidwa m'malo otchingidwa ndi kuwala kokhala ndi zotchingira zotetezedwa kuti zisawonongeke mwangozi.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (FAQ)

Kodi mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa laser wowotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi uti?

Ma fiber lasers nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kutalika kwawo kwaufupi, komwe kumatengedwa mosavuta ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, komanso mtengo wawo wabwino kwambiri wowongolera bwino.

Kodi mutha kuwotcherera makulidwe osiyanasiyana achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pamodzi?

Inde, kuwotcherera kwa laser ndikothandiza kwambiri kujowina makulidwe osiyanasiyana osasokoneza pang'ono komanso osawotchera mbali yopyapyala, ntchito yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri ndi kuwotcherera kwa TIG.

Kodi waya wodzaza ndi wofunikira pakuwotcherera kwa laser chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri?

Nthawi zambiri, ayi. Kuwotcherera kwa laser kumatha kupanga ma weld amphamvu, olowera kwathunthu opanda zinthu zodzaza (autogenous), zomwe zimathandizira ntchitoyi. Filler waya amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mapangidwe ophatikizana ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kapena pamene zofunikira zazitsulo zimafunika.

Ndi makulidwe otani achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri omwe amatha kuwotcherera ndi laser?

Ndi makina amphamvu kwambiri, ndizotheka kuwotcherera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri mpaka 1/4″ (6mm) kapena kukhuthala pakadutsa kamodzi. Njira zophatikizira laser-arc zimatha kuwotcherera magawo kukhuthala kwa inchi imodzi.

Mapeto

Ubwino wa kuwotcherera kwa laser pa liwiro, kulondola, komanso mtundu umapangitsa kukhala chisankho chapamwamba pakupanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zamakono. Zimapanga zolumikizira zolimba, zoyera zokhotakhota mosasamala, kusunga kukhulupirika ndi mawonekedwe azinthu.

Komabe, kupeza zotsatira zapadziko lonse lapansi kumadalira njira yokwanira. Kupambana ndikumapeto kwa unyolo wopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri-kuchokera pakukonzekera molumikizana bwino ndi kuwongolera mwadongosolo kwa magawo mpaka kukakamizidwa kwa post-weld passivation komanso kudzipereka kosasunthika kuchitetezo. Podziwa bwino njirayi, mutha kutsegula njira yatsopano yogwirira ntchito komanso momwe mumagwirira ntchito.